Tag Archives: Respiratory Insufficiency

Failure of Invasive Airway Placement on the First Attempt Is Associated With Progression to Cardiac Arrest in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Compromise. (Dalal)

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Stinson HR, et al. Failure of Invasive Airway Placement on the First Attempt Is Associated With Progression to Cardiac Arrest in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Compromise. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2018 Jan;19(1):9-16.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe the proportion of acute respiratory compromise events in hospitalized pediatric patients progressing to cardiopulmonary arrest, and the clinical factors associated with progression of acute respiratory compromise to cardiopulmonary arrest. We hypothesized that failure of invasive airway placement on the first attempt (defined as multiple attempts at tracheal intubation, and/or laryngeal mask airway placement, and/or the creation of a new tracheostomy or cricothyrotomy) is independently associated with progression of acute respiratory compromise to cardiopulmonary arrest.

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Alveolar Dead Space Fraction Discriminates Mortality in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. (Ward)

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Yehya N, et al. Alveolar Dead Space Fraction Discriminates Mortality in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016 Feb;17(2):101-9.

OBJECTIVES: Physiologic dead space is associated with mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome, but its measurement is cumbersome. Alveolar dead space fraction relies on the difference between arterial and end-tidal carbon dioxide (alveolar dead space fraction = (PaCO2 – PetCO2) / PaCO2). We aimed to assess the relationship between alveolar dead space fraction and mortality in a cohort of children meeting criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome (both the Berlin 2012 and the American-European Consensus Conference 1994 acute lung injury) and pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (as defined by the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference in 2015).

DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a prospective, observational cohort.

SETTING: Tertiary care, university affiliated PICU.

PATIENTS: Invasively ventilated children with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome.

INTERVENTIONS: None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 283 children with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome, 266 had available PetCO2. Alveolar dead space fraction was lower in survivors (median 0.13; interquartile range, 0.06-0.23) than nonsurvivors (0.31; 0.19-0.42; p < 0.001) at pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome onset, but not 24 hours after (survivors 0.12 [0.06-0.18], nonsurvivors 0.14 [0.06-0.25], p = 0.430). Alveolar dead space fraction at pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome onset discriminated mortality with an area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.66-0.85; p < 0.001), better than either initial oxygenation index or PaO2/FIO2. In multivariate analysis, alveolar dead space fraction at pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome onset was independently associated with mortality, after adjustment for severity of illness, immunocompromised status, and organ failures.

CONCLUSIONS: Alveolar dead space fraction at pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome onset discriminates mortality and is independently associated with nonsurvival. Alveolar dead space fraction represents a single, useful, readily obtained clinical biomarker reflective of pulmonary and nonpulmonary variables associated with mortality.

Effect of Noninvasive Ventilation vs Oxygen Therapy on Mortality Among Immunocompromised Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure: A Randomized Clinical Trial. (Williams)

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Lemiale V, Mokart D, Resche-Rigon M, et al. Effect of Noninvasive Ventilation vs Oxygen Therapy on Mortality Among Immunocompromised Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2015 Oct 27;314(16):1711-9.

IMPORTANCE: Noninvasive ventilation has been recommended to decrease mortality among immunocompromised patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure. However, its effectiveness for this indication remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether early noninvasive ventilation improved survival in immunocompromised patients with nonhypercapnic acute hypoxemic respiratory failure.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Multicenter randomized trial conducted among 374 critically ill immunocompromised patients, of whom 317 (84.7%) were receiving treatment for hematologic malignancies or solid tumors, at 28 intensive care units (ICUs) in France and Belgium between August 12, 2013, and January 2, 2015.

INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to early noninvasive ventilation (n = 191) or oxygen therapy alone (n = 183).

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was day-28 mortality. Secondary outcomes were intubation, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score on day 3, ICU-acquired infections, duration of mechanical ventilation, and ICU length of stay.

RESULTS: At randomization, median oxygen flow was 9 L/min (interquartile range, 5-15) in the noninvasive ventilation group and 9 L/min (interquartile range, 6-15) in the oxygen group. All patients in the noninvasive ventilation group received the first noninvasive ventilation session immediately after randomization. On day 28 after randomization, 46 deaths (24.1%) had occurred in the noninvasive ventilation group vs 50 (27.3%) in the oxygen group (absolute difference, -3.2 [95% CI, -12.1 to 5.6]; P = .47). Oxygenation failure occurred in 155 patients overall (41.4%), 73 (38.2%) in the noninvasive ventilation group and 82 (44.8%) in the oxygen group (absolute difference, -6.6 [95% CI, -16.6 to 3.4]; P = .20). There were no significant differences in ICU-acquired infections, duration of mechanical ventilation, or lengths of ICU or hospital stays.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among immunocompromised patients admitted to the ICU with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure, early noninvasive ventilation compared with oxygen therapy alone did not reduce 28-day mortality. However, study power was limited.

Outcome of pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients requiring mechanical ventilation. (Stockwell)

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Aspesberro F, Guthrie KA, Woolfrey AE, Brogan TV, Roberts JS. Outcome of pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients requiring mechanical ventilation. J Intensive Care Med. 2014 Jan-Feb;29(1):31-7.

PURPOSE: To assess the risk factors for intensive care unit admission among children receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and to test the hypothesis that multiple organ failure (MOF) increases the odds of death among HSCT patients who receive mechanical ventilation (MV).

METHODS: The chart of all consecutive HSCTs at Seattle Children’s Hospital and pediatric HSCT patients admitted to the pediatric critical care unit of a tertiary care pediatric hospital from January 2000 to September 2006 were reviewed retrospectively.

RESULTS: Charts of 266 HSCT patients were reviewed. Nonmalignant disease compared to hematologic malignancy, acute graft versus host disease grades III and IV, and second transplant increased the odds of pediatric intensive care unit admission. Among patients receiving MV for >24 hours, 9 (25%) survived for 6 months, while 8 patients (22%) were long-term survivors with a median follow-up time of 3.6 years, a significant improvement compared to a long-term survival of 7% (odds ratio 0.25, 95% confidence intervals: 0.09-0.72, P = .01) reported in a previously published cohort of pediatric HSCT patients at the same institution from 1983 to 1996. Cardiovascular failure, duration of MV for greater than 1 week, and prolonged receipt of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) increased the risk of mortality.

CONCLUSIONS: Six-month survival of pediatric HSCT patients was 25% and the odds of death were increased by cardiovascular failure but not by MOF. Receipt of mechanical support (ventilation, CRRT) or cardiovascular support (inotropic agents) decreased the likelihood of long-term survival.

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