Tag Archives: Mortality

New insights into multicenter PICU mortality among pediatric hematopoietic stem vell transplant patients. (Emrath)

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Zinter MS, Dvorak CC, Spicer A, et al. New insights into multicenter PICU mortality among pediatric hematopoietic stem vell transplant patients. Crit Care Med. 2015 Sep; 43(9):1986-94.

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OBJECTIVES: Over 2,500 children undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the United States each year, and up to 35% require PICU support for life-threatening complications. PICU mortality has dropped from 85% to 44%, but interpretation is confounded by significant cohort heterogeneity. Reports conflict regarding outcomes for patients with different underlying hematopoietic stem cell transplantation indications, and the burden of infectious complications for these patients has not been evaluated. We aim to describe infections, critical care interventions, and mortality for pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients requiring PICU admission.

DESIGN: A retrospective multicenter cohort analysis.

SETTING: One hundred twelve centers in the Virtual PICU Systems database, January 1, 2009, to June 30, 2012.

PATIENTS: A total of 1,782 admissions for patients who are 21 years old or younger with prior hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

INTERVENTIONS: None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Pediatric Index of Mortality-2, Pediatric Risk of Mortality-3, transplant indication, infections, interventions, and mortality were recorded from admission through PICU death or discharge. Pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients comprised 0.7% of all PICU admissions (1,782/246,346), which resulted in 16.2% mortality compared with 2.4% mortality for non-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation admissions (odds ratio, 7.8; 95% CI, 6.8-8.8; p < 0.001). Mortality for admissions with underlying hematologic malignancy (22.7%) was similar to that of admissions with primary immunodeficiency (19.4%; p = 0.41) but significantly greater than admissions with underlying nonmalignant non-primary immunodeficiency hematologic disease (15.4%; p = 0.020), metabolic disorder (8.1%; p < 0.001), or solid malignancy (5.7%; p < 0.001). Infection was documented in 45.7% of admissions with 22.2% mortality; viral and fungal mortality were 28.5% and 33.7%, respectively. Invasive positive pressure ventilation and renal replacement therapy were used in only 34.6% and 11.9% of admissions, with mortality of 42.5% and 51.9%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: PICU mortality for pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients may be as low as 16.2% but higher for those receiving intubation (42.5%) or replacement therapy (51.9%). Hematologic malignancy and primary immunodeficiency had greater risk for mortality than other transplant indications. Greater understanding of other risk factors affecting mortality and the need for critical care support is needed.

Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000-2012. (Dugan)

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Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Suzuki S, et al. Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000-2012. JAMA. 2014 Apr 2;311(13):1308-16.

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IMPORTANCE: Severe sepsis and septic shock are major causes of mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. It is unknown whether progress has been made in decreasing their mortality rate.

OBJECTIVE: To describe changes in mortality for severe sepsis with and without shock in ICU patients.

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Tidal volume and mortality in mechanically ventilated children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. (Dugan)

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de Jager P, Burgerhof JG, van Heerde M, et al. Tidal volume and mortality in mechanically ventilated children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies*. Crit Care Med. 2014 Dec;42(12):2461-72.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether tidal volume is associated with mortality in critically ill, mechanically ventilated children.

DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases from inception until July 2013 and bibliographies of included studies without language restrictions.

STUDY SELECTION: Randomized clinical trials and observational studies reporting mortality in mechanically ventilated PICU patients.

DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors independently selected studies and extracted data on study methodology, quality, and patient outcomes. Meta-analyses were performed using the Mantel-Haenszel random-effects model. Heterogeneity was quantified using I. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Score for cohort studies.

DATA SYNTHESIS: Out of 142 citations, seven studies met the inclusion criteria, and additional two articles were identified from references of the found articles. One was excluded. These eight studies included 1,756 patients. Mortality rates ranged from 13% to 42%. There was no association between tidal volume and mortality when tidal volume was dichotomized at 7, 8, 10, or 12 mL/kg. Comparing patients ventilated with tidal volume less than 7 mL/kg and greater than 10 mL/kg or greater than 12 mL/kg and tidal volume less than 8 mL/kg and greater than 10 mL/kg or greater than 12 mL/kg also showed no association between tidal volume and mortality. Limiting the analysis to patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome did not change these results. Heterogeneity was observed in all pooled analyses.

CONCLUSIONS: A relationship between tidal volume and mortality in mechanically ventilated children could not be identified, irrespective of the severity of disease. The significant heterogeneity observed in the pooled analyses necessitates future studies in well-defined patient populations to understand the effects of tidal volume on patient outcome.

Fluid resuscitation in septic shock the effect of increasing fluid balance on mortality. (Ruth)

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Sadaka F, Juarez M, Naydenov S, O’Brien J. Fluid resuscitation in septic shock the effect of increasing fluid balance on mortality. J Intensive Care Med. 2013 Feb 27;29(4):213-217. [Epub ahead of print]

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PURPOSE: To determine whether progressively increasing fluid balance after initial fluid resuscitation for septic shock is associated with increased mortality.

METHODS: A retrospective review of the use of intravenous fluids in patients with septic shock in a large university affiliated hospital with 56 medical-surgical intensive care unit beds. We analyzed the data of 350 patients with septic shock who were managed according to the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines. Based on net fluid balance at 24 hours, we examined the results of increase in positive fluid balance on the risk of in-hospital mortality. Patients were divided into 4 groups based on the amount of fluid balance by 24 hours, based on 6-L aliquots.

RESULTS: At 24 hours, the average fluid balance was +6.5 L. After correcting for age and sequential organ failure assessment score, a more positive fluid balance at 24 hours significantly increased the risk of in-hospital mortality. Using Cox proportional hazard analysis, excess 12-, 18-, and 24-L positive fluid balance had higher risk of mortality than those patients with a neutral to positive 6-L fluid balance (reference group). Adjusted hazard ratios, 1.519 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.353-1.685), 1.740 (95% CI, 1.467-2.013), and 1.620 (95% CI, 1.197-2.043), respectively, P < .05.

CONCLUSION: In patients with septic shock resuscitated according to current guidelines, a more positive fluid balance at 24 hours is associated with an increase in the risk of mortality. Optimal survival occurred at neutral fluid balance and up to 6-L positive fluid balance at 24 hours after the development of septic shock.