Tag Archives: Congenital Heart Defects

Factors Associated With Mortality in Neonates Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Cardiac Indications: Analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry Data. (Duke)

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Ford MA, et al. Factors Associated With Mortality in Neonates Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Cardiac Indications: Analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry Data. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016 Sep;17(9):860-70.

OBJECTIVES: Survival among neonates supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac indications is 39%. Previous single-center studies have identified factors associated with mortality, but a comprehensive multivariate analysis is not available for this population. Understanding factors associated with mortality may help design treatment strategies, determine optimal timing for cannulation, and inform patient selection. This study identifies factors associated with mortality in neonates supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac indications.

DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING: Two hundred and thirty U.S. and international centers reporting extracorporeal membrane oxygenation data to the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization.

SUBJECTS: Four thousand and four seventy one neonates with congenital and acquired cardiac disease supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac indications during 2001-2011.

INTERVENTIONS: None.

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The primary outcome measure was mortality prior to hospital discharge. Overall hospital mortality was 59%. Demographic and preextracorporeal membrane oxygenation factors associated with mortality were evaluated in a multivariable model. Factors associated with death prior to hospital discharge included lower body weight, earlier era, single ventricle physiology, lower preextracorporeal membrane oxygenation arterial pH, and longer time from intubation to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation. Lower pH was associated with increased mortality regardless of cardiac diagnosis and surgical complexity. The majority of survivors separated from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation less than 8 days after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation deployment.

CONCLUSIONS: Mortality for neonates supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac indications is high. Severity of preextracorporeal membrane oxygenation acidosis was independently associated with increased risk of mortality. Earlier initiation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may reduce the degree and duration of acidosis and may improve survival. Further studies are needed to determine optimal timing of cannulation in this population.

Dexmedetomidine Is Associated With Lower Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury After Congenital Heart Surgery. (Patel)

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Kwiatkowski DM, et al. Dexmedetomidine Is Associated With Lower Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury After Congenital Heart Surgery. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016 Feb;17(2):128-34.

OBJECTIVES: Recent data have suggested an association between the use of dexmedetomidine and a decreased incidence of acute kidney injury in adult patients after cardiopulmonary bypass. However, no study has focused on this association among pediatric populations where the incidence of acute kidney injury is particularly high and of critical significance. The primary objective of this study was to assess the relationship between the use of postoperative dexmedetomidine and the incidence of acute kidney injury in pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. The secondary objective was to determine whether there was an association between dexmedetomidine use and duration of mechanical ventilation or cardiovascular ICU stay.

DESIGN: Single-center retrospective matched cohort study.

SETTING: A 20-bed quaternary cardiovascular ICU in a university-based pediatric hospital in California.

PATIENTS: Children less than 18 years old admitted after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass between January 1, 2012, and May 31, 2014.

INTERVENTIONS: None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data from a cohort of 102 patients receiving dexmedetomidine during the first postoperative day after cardiac surgery were compared to an age- and procedure-matched cohort not receiving dexmedetomidine. Cohorts had similar baseline and demographic characteristics. Patients receiving dexmedetomidine were less likely to develop acute kidney injury (24% vs 36%; odds ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.29-0.99; p = 0.046). After adjusting for age, bypass time, nephrotoxin use, and vasoactive inotropic score, the use of dexmedetomidine was associated with a lower incidence of acute kidney injury with adjusted odds ratio of 0.43 (95% CI, 0.27-0.98; p = 0.048). There was no difference between the cohorts with respect to the duration of mechanical duration (1 d each; p = 0.98) or cardiovascular ICU stays (5 vs 6 d; p = 0.91).

CONCLUSIONS: The use of a dexmedetomidine infusion in pediatric patients after congenital heart surgery was associated with a decreased incidence of acute kidney injury; however, it was not associated with changes in clinical outcomes. Further prospective study is necessary to validate these findings.

Percutaneous left atrial decompression in patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac disease. (Teppa)

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Eastaugh LJ, Thiagarajan RR, Darst JR, et al. Percutaneous left atrial decompression in patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac disease*. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015 Jan;16(1):59-65.

Full-text for Children’s and Emory users.

OBJECTIVES: Left atrial decompression using cardiac catheterization techniques has been described at centers with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation programs. Left atrial decompression can decrease cardiogenic edema, minimize ventricular distension, and allow myocardial recovery. We describe Boston Children’s Hospital’s experience with percutaneous left atrial decompression techniques, acute outcomes, and clinical impact of left atrial decompression in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients.

SUBJECTS: Patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation undergoing percutaneous left atrial decompression were identified and assigned to two groups 1) myocarditis/suspected myocarditis or 2) nonmyocarditis cardiac disease.

INTERVENTIONS: Three techniques including vent placement, static balloon dilation, and stent implantation were used.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Change in left atrial pressure and severity of pulmonary edema on chest radiography pre and post procedure, impact of timing and technique of left atrial decompression on resolution of left atrial hypertension, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation survival were evaluated. Furthermore, we evaluated the presence of residual atrial septal defect during follow-up. Percutaneous left atrial decompression was performed in 44 of 419 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cases (10.5%) and was frequently used for myocarditis (22 of 44 patients; 50%). Techniques included 25 vents, 17 static balloon dilations, and two stents. All techniques were equally successful and significantly reduced left atrial pressure and pulmonary edema. Survival to hospital discharge was not associated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation duration prior to left atrial decompression, change in left atrial pressure, or technique used. Persistent atrial septal defect was noted in five surviving patients (excluding transplant recipients and deceased), two required closure.

CONCLUSIONS: Left atrial decompression can be performed effectively in children on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation using various percutaneous techniques. Reduction in pulmonary venous congestion is usually evident by chest radiography within 48 hours of intervention. Persistent atrial septal defect may require closure at the time of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation decannulation or during long-term follow-up.